{"id":10870,"date":"2026-08-18T10:22:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-18T03:22:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/?p=10870"},"modified":"2026-08-18T10:22:34","modified_gmt":"2026-08-18T03:22:34","slug":"heat-input-pengelasan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/","title":{"rendered":"Welding Heat Input: Definition, Formula, Calculation Method, and Effects"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"10870\" class=\"elementor elementor-10870\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8635b4 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f8635b4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f11e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2f11e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Welding heat input is the amount of thermal energy applied to the material during the welding process per unit length of the weld joint.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">The magnitude of heat input is primarily related to current, voltage, welding speed (or travel speed), and the efficiency of the process employed.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">Heat input must be controlled because the amount of heat received by the material can influence the characteristics of the weld pool, the heat-affected zone (HAZ), the cooling rate, distortion, and even the material's properties after welding.<\/p><p>Therefore, heat input is not merely a matter of using high or low current. Its value must be viewed as a combination of several welding parameters working simultaneously.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-192e911 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"192e911\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-373ebfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"373ebfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_86 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Content<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Apa_Itu_Heat_Input_dalam_Pengelasan\" >What is Heat Input in Welding?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Apa_Perbedaan_Heat_Input_dan_Arc_Energy\" >What is the difference between heat input and arc energy?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Rumus_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\" >Welding Heat Input Formula<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Faktor_Efisiensi_pada_Heat_Input\" >Heat Input Efficiency Factor<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Contoh_Cara_Menghitung_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\" >Example of How to Calculate Welding Heat Input<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Faktor_yang_Memengaruhi_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\" >Factors Affecting Welding Heat Input<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#1_Arus_Pengelasan\" >1. Welding Current<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#2_Tegangan_Pengelasan\" >2. Welding Voltage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#3_Travel_Speed\" >3. Travel Speed<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#4_Efisiensi_Proses_Pengelasan\" >4. Welding Process Efficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Apa_yang_Terjadi_Jika_Heat_Input_Terlalu_Tinggi\" >What Happens If Heat Input Is Too High?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Apa_yang_Terjadi_Jika_Heat_Input_Terlalu_Rendah\" >What Happens If the Heat Input Is Too Low?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Hubungan_Heat_Input_dengan_HAZ\" >Relationship between Heat Input and HAZ<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Hubungan_Heat_Input_dengan_WPS_Pengelasan\" >Heat Input Relationship with Welding WPS<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Cara_Mengontrol_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\" >How to Control Welding Heat Input<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Tabel_Ringkas_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\" >Welding Heat Input Summary Table<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/heat-input-pengelasan\/#Kesimpulan\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Apa_Itu_Heat_Input_dalam_Pengelasan\"><\/span>What is Heat Input in Welding?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08de623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"08de623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Heat input is the effective thermal energy entering the workpiece during the welding process per unit length of the weld.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">In arc welding, energy is generated from a combination of voltage and electric current. However, not all of the energy from the arc is actually absorbed by the workpiece; some energy may be lost to the surroundings or through other mechanisms during the process.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">Therefore, in technical calculations, it is necessary to distinguish between <strong>arc energy<\/strong> and <strong>heat input<\/strong>.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">According to TWI, arc energy is the energy delivered by the arc before the process efficiency is taken into account. Meanwhile, heat input factors in process efficiency to estimate the energy actually transferred to the workpiece.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1066288 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1066288\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-147ad73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"147ad73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Apa_Perbedaan_Heat_Input_dan_Arc_Energy\"><\/span>What is the difference between heat input and arc energy?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc5bafb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc5bafb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Both represent the energy per unit length of welding, but there is a difference regarding the efficiency factor.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Simply:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Arc Energy = arc energy per unit length<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Whereas:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Heat Input = Arc Energy \u00d7 process efficiency<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">It should be noted that in some welding codes or practices, the term <strong>heat input<\/strong> is also used to refer to the calculated arc energy without the efficiency factor.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Therefore, the calculation methods used in production work must comply with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/apa-itu-wps-pengelasan\/\" target=\"_self\">WPS<\/a>, standards, codes, or procedures applicable to that project.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64b5f55 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"64b5f55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d02d81c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d02d81c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rumus_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\"><\/span>Welding Heat Input Formula<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40532af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"40532af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">If the welding speed is expressed in mm\/min, the arc energy can be calculated using the formula:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Arc Energy (kJ\/mm) = (V \u00d7 I \u00d7 60) \u00f7 (Travel Speed \u200b\u200b\u00d7 1,000)<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Information:<\/p><table><tbody><tr><th>Parameters<\/th><th>Information<\/th><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">V<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Welding voltage in volts<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">I<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Welding current in amperes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">60<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Time conversion from minutes to seconds<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Travel Speed<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Welding speed in mm\/min<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">1.000<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Convert joules to kilojoules<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53bbda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53bbda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Once the arc energy is known, the heat input can be calculated using:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Heat Input = \u03b7 \u00d7 Arc Energy<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">Where <strong>\u03b7 (eta)<\/strong> is the welding process efficiency factor.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d943ecf e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d943ecf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33b5385 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"33b5385\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Faktor_Efisiensi_pada_Heat_Input\"><\/span>Heat Input Efficiency Factor<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddba577 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ddba577\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Energy transfer efficiency varies across different welding processes.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">TWI lists the following efficiency factor values:<\/p><table><tbody><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Welding Process<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Efficiency Factor<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">SAW<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">1,0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">SMAW \/ MMA<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">0,8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">FCAW<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">0,8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">MIG\/MAG \/ GMAW<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">0,8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">TIG \/ GTAW<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">0,6<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Plasma Arc Welding<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">0,6<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d09ebed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d09ebed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">This value indicates that not all of the arc energy is converted into heat received directly by the workpiece.<\/p><p>For work following a WPS or specific standard, use the factors and calculation methods prescribed by that procedure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39110db e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"39110db\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6ea5db elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e6ea5db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Contoh_Cara_Menghitung_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\"><\/span>Example of How to Calculate Welding Heat Input<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff64f65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff64f65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/apa-itu-pengelasan-smaw\/\" target=\"_self\">SMAW welding<\/a> is performed using the following parameters:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li class=\"translation-block\">Current: <strong>120 A<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Voltage: <strong>24 V<\/strong><\/li><li class=\"translation-block\">Travel speed: <strong>180 mm\/min<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4219e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4219e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">First, calculate the arc energy:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Arc Energy = (24 \u00d7 120 \u00d7 60) \u00f7 (180 \u00d7 1.000)<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Arc Energy = 0,96 kJ\/mm<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">If an SMAW efficiency factor of 0.8 is used:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Heat Input = 0,8 \u00d7 0,96<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Heat Input = 0,768 kJ\/mm<\/strong><\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Based on those parameters, the heat input value\u2014accounting for process efficiency\u2014is approximately:<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>0,77 kJ\/mm<\/strong><\/p><p>This example demonstrates that changes in current, voltage, or travel speed can directly alter the amount of energy per unit length delivered to the material. An efficiency factor is then used to estimate the effective energy received by the workpiece.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13235b9 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"13235b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b5510 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b2b5510\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Faktor_yang_Memengaruhi_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\"><\/span>Factors Affecting Welding Heat Input<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d8711c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4d8711c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are four main factors to pay attention to.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c6df2 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f9c6df2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d88669 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d88669\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Arus_Pengelasan\"><\/span>1. Welding Current<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8e6324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8e6324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">With other parameters held constant, an increase in current will increase arc energy and potentially increase heat input.<\/p><p>However, the current should not be analyzed in isolation, as changes in current can also affect arc characteristics, electrode melting rate, penetration, and welding speed.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e948df e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e948df\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adaf7d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"adaf7d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Tegangan_Pengelasan\"><\/span>2. Welding Voltage<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31fd79f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31fd79f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Voltage is one of the components in the calculation of arc energy.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">If the current and travel speed remain constant, an increase in voltage will increase the energy per unit length.<\/p><p>However, voltage should not be considered the sole parameter determining welding \"heat.\" The interaction of all parameters must still be taken into account.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ef973e e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"9ef973e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0dd562e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0dd562e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Travel_Speed\"><\/span>3. Travel Speed<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e5bf12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e5bf12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">Travel speed, or welding movement speed, is inversely related to heat input.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">With the same current and voltage:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li>slower travel speed \u2192 energy per unit length increases;<\/li><li>Higher travel speed \u2192 energy per unit length decreases.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-089fd33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"089fd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>That is why two welders using the same current and voltage do not necessarily produce the same heat input if their travel speeds differ.\u00a0<\/p><p>The relationship between current, voltage, and travel speed is also used to determine heat input when controlling welding parameters.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c6454 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a4c6454\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2db877f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2db877f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Efisiensi_Proses_Pengelasan\"><\/span>4. Welding Process Efficiency<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f42fe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f42fe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Each process has distinct heat transfer characteristics. Therefore, two processes generating the same arc energy do not necessarily transfer the same amount of effective energy to the material.<\/p><p>The efficiency factor helps account for those differences.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77f697e e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"77f697e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d0fd38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2d0fd38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Apa_yang_Terjadi_Jika_Heat_Input_Terlalu_Tinggi\"><\/span>What Happens If Heat Input Is Too High?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea71252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea71252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Excessive heat input means the material receives a large amount of thermal energy per unit length of the weld.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">This condition can cause:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li>the HAZ area becomes larger;<\/li><li>cooling proceeds more slowly;<\/li><li>distortion or deformation increases;<\/li><li>microstructural changes resulting in a coarser structure;<\/li><li>Certain mechanical properties can change depending on the type of material.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b47c97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4b47c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">Excessive heat is also a factor that must be controlled when working with thin materials, as it can increase the risk of the material deforming or even burning through.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">In Intan Pertiwi's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/cara-mengelas-besi-tipis\/\" target=\"_self\">guide to welding thin iron<\/a>, controlling heat and travel speed is crucial for preventing heat buildup in a single area.<\/p><p>However, the specific impact of high heat input varies depending on the material type, thickness, joint configuration, and welding procedure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b25e6c e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2b25e6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f93515a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f93515a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Apa_yang_Terjadi_Jika_Heat_Input_Terlalu_Rendah\"><\/span>What Happens If the Heat Input Is Too Low?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31c96ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31c96ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Excessively low heat input does not always result in a better weld.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Under certain conditions, excessively low energy can result in insufficient heat to produce the fusion required at the joint.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Possible consequences include:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li>inadequate fusion;<\/li><li>penetration does not meet requirements;<\/li><li>the bead is too tight;<\/li><li>the cooling rate becomes faster;<\/li><li>The metallurgical characteristics of the joint may change.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4934cf2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4934cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">For certain materials, excessively rapid cooling must also be considered, as it can affect hardness and the tendency for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/panduan\/penyebab-retak-pada-hasil-las-dan-cara-pencegahannya\/\" target=\"_self\">cracking<\/a>.<\/p><p>In other words, the goal of controlling heat input is not to keep the value as low as possible, but rather to maintain it within a range appropriate for the material, process, joint, and WPS.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72bb06f e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"72bb06f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-327b4bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"327b4bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hubungan_Heat_Input_dengan_HAZ\"><\/span>Relationship between Heat Input and HAZ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4431d3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4431d3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\"><strong>The Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ)<\/strong> is the portion of the base metal that does not melt but undergoes changes due to the heat cycle of welding.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Heat input is one of the factors influencing the heating and cooling cycle in that area.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">In general, an increase in heat input can cause heat to affect a larger area of \u200b\u200bthe material and slow down the cooling process. Conversely, lower heat input tends to result in a different thermal cycle and faster cooling.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">However, the characteristics of the HAZ are not determined solely by heat input. Material type, thickness, initial temperature, interpass temperature, joint design, and welding conditions also play a role.<\/p><p>Therefore, the heat input value must be considered in conjunction with the welding procedure requirements, rather than as a standalone parameter.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-586ca10 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"586ca10\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d0beec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8d0beec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hubungan_Heat_Input_dengan_WPS_Pengelasan\"><\/span>Heat Input Relationship with Welding WPS<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b63eae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b63eae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd translation-block\">In controlled welding operations, parameters such as current, voltage, travel speed, polarity, and heat input can be specified or controlled through <strong>Welding Procedure Specification (WPS)<\/strong>.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">The objective is to ensure that the welding process can be carried out consistently in accordance with the predetermined parameters.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Intan Pertiwi previously discussed that welding parameters are a crucial part of the WPS and can include current, voltage, travel speed, and heat input.<\/p><p>Therefore, when a WPS specifies a particular heat input range, it is not enough for the welder to simply ensure the amperage falls within that range. Voltage and travel speed must also be maintained to ensure the energy per unit length remains in accordance with the procedure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c7620 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"71c7620\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af25c7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af25c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cara_Mengontrol_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\"><\/span>How to Control Welding Heat Input<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-365635f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"365635f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Heat input control can be achieved by maintaining a balance among the key parameters.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Some steps that can be implemented include:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li>use a current within the recommended range;<\/li><li>maintain voltage or arc length consistently;<\/li><li>maintain the travel speed so that it is neither too slow nor too fast;<\/li><li>use parameters appropriate to the diameter of the electrode or wire;<\/li><li>follow the parameter ranges specified in the WPS;<\/li><li>record parameters if the work requires quality control;<\/li><li>Avoid holding the arc in one area for too long.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22557f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"22557f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"translation-block\">In the <strong>SMAW<\/strong> process, the stability of the arc length and the welder\u2019s travel speed greatly affect process consistency. The current setting must also be adjusted according to the diameter of the electrode being used.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1569512 e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1569512\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c38f0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4c38f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tabel_Ringkas_Heat_Input_Pengelasan\"><\/span>Welding Heat Input Summary Table<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-989d4cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"989d4cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<table><thead><tr><th><strong>Parameter Changes<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Status Unchanged<\/strong><\/th><th><strong>Heat Input<\/strong><\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">The current is increasing.<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Voltage &amp; travel speed<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Increase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Downstream flow<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Voltage &amp; travel speed<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Decrease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Tensions are rising.<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Current &amp; travel speed<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Increase<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Voltage drops<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Current &amp; travel speed<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Decrease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Travel speed increases.<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Current &amp; voltage<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Decrease<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Travel speed decreases.<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Current &amp; voltage<\/td><td style=\"text-align: center;\">Increase<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aecdebf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aecdebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The table illustrates the fundamental mathematical relationship regarding heat input. In practice, a change in one parameter can affect other process characteristics; therefore, welding parameters must still be evaluated as an integrated whole.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e370f3e e-flex e-con-boxed wpr-particle-no wpr-jarallax-no wpr-parallax-no wpr-sticky-section-no wpr-column-slider-no wpr-equal-height-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e370f3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6228230 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6228230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kesimpulan\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5022c14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5022c14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Welding heat input is the thermal energy received by the material per unit length of the joint during the welding process.<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Its value is primarily influenced by:<\/p><ul data-spread=\"false\"><li>current;<\/li><li>voltage;<\/li><li>travel speed;<\/li><li>welding process efficiency.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6accfcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6accfcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Excessively high or low heat input can affect the welding results.\u00a0<\/p><p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Therefore, the goal is not to generate the highest or lowest possible heat input, but to maintain it within a range appropriate for the material, process, joint design, and the WPS being used.<\/p><p class=\"translation-block\">For welding operations using electrodes or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intanpertiwi.co.id\/en\/kawat-las-kobe\/\" target=\"_self\">KOBELCO welding elctrode<\/a>, follow the applicable product parameters and welding procedures to ensure the process is carried out consistently in accordance with application requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Heat input pengelasan adalah jumlah energi panas yang diberikan pada material sepanjang proses pengelasan untuk setiap satuan panjang sambungan las. Besarnya heat input terutama berkaitan dengan arus, tegangan, kecepatan pengelasan atau travel speed, serta efisiensi proses yang digunakan. Heat input perlu dikontrol karena jumlah panas yang diterima material dapat memengaruhi karakteristik kolam las, daerah yang terkena panas atau heat affected zone (HAZ), laju pendinginan, distorsi, hingga sifat material setelah pengelasan. Karena itu, heat input bukan sekadar soal menggunakan arus tinggi atau rendah. Nilainya harus dilihat sebagai kombinasi beberapa parameter pengelasan yang bekerja secara bersamaan. Apa Itu Heat Input dalam Pengelasan? Heat input adalah energi panas efektif yang masuk ke benda kerja selama proses pengelasan per satuan panjang las. Dalam pengelasan busur, energi dihasilkan dari kombinasi tegangan dan arus listrik. Namun, tidak seluruh energi dari busur tersebut benar-benar diterima oleh benda kerja. Sebagian energi dapat hilang ke lingkungan maupun melalui mekanisme lain selama proses berlangsung. Oleh karena itu, dalam perhitungan teknis perlu dibedakan antara arc energy dan heat input. Menurut TWI, arc energy merupakan energi yang diberikan oleh busur sebelum efisiensi proses diperhitungkan. Sementara itu, heat input memperhitungkan faktor efisiensi proses untuk memperkirakan energi yang benar-benar ditransfer ke benda kerja. Apa Perbedaan Heat Input dan Arc Energy? Keduanya sama-sama menunjukkan energi per satuan panjang pengelasan, tetapi terdapat perbedaan pada faktor efisiensi. Secara sederhana: Arc Energy = energi busur per satuan panjang Sedangkan: Heat Input = Arc Energy \u00d7 efisiensi proses Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam sebagian code atau praktik pengelasan, istilah heat input juga digunakan untuk menyebut hasil perhitungan arc energy tanpa faktor efisiensi. Karena itu, metode perhitungan yang digunakan pada pekerjaan produksi harus mengikuti WPS, standar, code, atau prosedur yang berlaku pada proyek tersebut. Rumus Heat Input Pengelasan Jika kecepatan pengelasan dinyatakan dalam mm\/menit, arc energy dapat dihitung menggunakan rumus: Arc Energy (kJ\/mm) = (V \u00d7 I \u00d7 60) \u00f7 (Travel Speed \u00d7 1.000) Keterangan: Parameter Keterangan V Tegangan pengelasan dalam volt I Arus pengelasan dalam ampere 60 Konversi waktu dari menit ke detik Travel Speed Kecepatan pengelasan dalam mm\/menit 1.000 Konversi joule menjadi kilojoule Setelah arc energy diketahui, heat input dapat dihitung dengan: Heat Input = \u03b7 \u00d7 Arc Energy Di mana \u03b7 (eta) merupakan faktor efisiensi proses pengelasan. Faktor Efisiensi pada Heat Input Efisiensi perpindahan energi berbeda pada setiap proses pengelasan. TWI mencantumkan nilai faktor efisiensi berikut: Proses Pengelasan Faktor Efisiensi SAW 1,0 SMAW \/ MMA 0,8 FCAW 0,8 MIG\/MAG \/ GMAW 0,8 TIG \/ GTAW 0,6 Plasma Arc Welding 0,6 Nilai tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tidak seluruh energi busur menjadi panas yang diterima langsung oleh benda kerja. Untuk pekerjaan yang mengikuti WPS atau standar tertentu, gunakan faktor dan metode perhitungan yang ditetapkan oleh prosedur tersebut. Contoh Cara Menghitung Heat Input Pengelasan Misalnya pengelasan SMAW dilakukan dengan parameter: Arus: 120 A Tegangan: 24 V Travel speed: 180 mm\/menit Pertama, hitung arc energy: Arc Energy = (24 \u00d7 120 \u00d7 60) \u00f7 (180 \u00d7 1.000) Arc Energy = 0,96 kJ\/mm Jika digunakan faktor efisiensi SMAW sebesar 0,8: Heat Input = 0,8 \u00d7 0,96 Heat Input = 0,768 kJ\/mm Dengan parameter tersebut, nilai heat input yang telah memperhitungkan efisiensi proses adalah sekitar: 0,77 kJ\/mm Contoh ini menunjukkan bahwa perubahan arus, tegangan, atau kecepatan gerak dapat langsung mengubah jumlah energi per satuan panjang yang diberikan ke material. Faktor efisiensi kemudian digunakan untuk memperkirakan energi efektif yang diterima benda kerja. Faktor yang Memengaruhi Heat Input Pengelasan Ada empat faktor utama yang perlu diperhatikan. 1. Arus Pengelasan Ketika parameter lain tetap, peningkatan arus akan meningkatkan energi busur dan berpotensi meningkatkan heat input. Namun, arus tidak boleh dianalisis secara terpisah karena perubahan arus juga dapat memengaruhi karakter busur, laju pencairan elektroda, penetrasi, dan kecepatan pengelasan. 2. Tegangan Pengelasan Tegangan merupakan salah satu komponen dalam perhitungan energi busur. Jika arus dan travel speed tetap, peningkatan tegangan akan meningkatkan nilai energi per satuan panjang. Meski demikian, tegangan tidak sebaiknya dianggap sebagai satu-satunya parameter yang menentukan \u201cpanas\u201d pengelasan. Interaksi seluruh parameter tetap perlu diperhatikan. 3. Travel Speed Travel speed atau kecepatan gerak pengelasan memiliki hubungan terbalik dengan heat input. Dengan arus dan tegangan yang sama: travel speed lebih lambat \u2192 energi per satuan panjang meningkat; travel speed lebih cepat \u2192 energi per satuan panjang menurun. Itulah sebabnya dua welder yang menggunakan arus dan tegangan sama belum tentu menghasilkan heat input yang sama jika kecepatan geraknya berbeda. Hubungan arus, tegangan, dan travel speed juga digunakan untuk menentukan heat input dalam pengendalian parameter pengelasan. 4. Efisiensi Proses Pengelasan Setiap proses memiliki karakter perpindahan panas yang berbeda. Karena itu, dua proses yang menghasilkan arc energy sama belum tentu mentransfer jumlah energi efektif yang sama ke material. Faktor efisiensi membantu memperhitungkan perbedaan tersebut. Apa yang Terjadi Jika Heat Input Terlalu Tinggi? Heat input yang terlalu tinggi berarti material menerima energi panas yang besar untuk setiap satuan panjang pengelasan. Kondisi tersebut dapat menyebabkan: daerah HAZ menjadi lebih luas; pendinginan berlangsung lebih lambat; distorsi atau perubahan bentuk meningkat; perubahan struktur mikro menjadi lebih besar; sifat mekanik tertentu dapat berubah tergantung jenis material. Panas yang berlebihan juga merupakan salah satu faktor yang perlu dikendalikan pada material tipis karena dapat meningkatkan risiko material berubah bentuk atau bahkan mengalami burn through. Pada panduan pengelasan besi tipis Intan Pertiwi, pengendalian panas dan travel speed menjadi bagian penting dalam mencegah panas terkumpul pada satu area. Namun, dampak spesifik heat input tinggi berbeda pada setiap jenis material, ketebalan, sambungan, dan prosedur pengelasan. Apa yang Terjadi Jika Heat Input Terlalu Rendah? Heat input yang terlalu rendah juga tidak selalu menghasilkan pengelasan yang lebih baik. Pada kondisi tertentu, energi yang terlalu rendah dapat membuat panas tidak mencukupi untuk menghasilkan fusi yang dibutuhkan pada sambungan. Akibat yang mungkin terjadi antara lain: fusi tidak memadai; penetrasi tidak sesuai kebutuhan; bead terlalu sempit; laju pendinginan menjadi lebih cepat; karakteristik metalurgi sambungan dapat berubah. Pada material tertentu, pendinginan yang terlalu cepat juga harus diperhatikan karena dapat memengaruhi kekerasan maupun kecenderungan retak. Artinya, tujuan pengendalian heat input bukan membuat nilainya serendah mungkin, melainkan mempertahankannya pada rentang yang sesuai dengan material, proses, sambungan, dan WPS. Hubungan Heat Input<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":10884,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10870","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-panduan"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Heat Input Pengelasan: Pengertian, Rumus, Cara Menghitung, dan Pengaruhnya - PT. 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